|
Nepal Bhasa literature refers to literature in the Newar language. The language has the fourth oldest literature among the Sino-Tibetan languages (the first, second and third being Chinese, Tibetan and Burmese respectively). The earliest known document in Newar is called "The Palmleaf from Uku Bahal" which dates from 1114 during the Thakuri period.〔 Pages 15–25.〕 The earliest dated stone inscription in Newari is dated Nepal Sambat 293 (1173 AD). From the 14th century onwards, an overwhelming number of stone inscriptions in the Kathmandu Valley, where they are an ubiquitous element at heritage sites, are in Nepal Bhasa. The first books appeared in the 14th century. * ''Haremakhala'' (Devanagari: हरेमखला), a medical manual written in 1374 * ''Naradsmriti'' (नारदस्म्रिति) a law book written in 1380 * ''Amarkosh'' (अमरकोश), a Sanskrit-Newari dictionary written in 1381 * ''Gopalraj Vamshavali'' (गोपालराज वंशावली), a history of Nepal written in 1389〔Tuladhar, Prem Shanti (2000). ''Nepal Bhasa Sahityaya Itihas: History of Nepalbhasa Literature.'' Kathmandu: Nepal Bhasa Academy. ISBN 99933-56-00-X. Pages 20, 25.〕 〔Lienhard, Siegfried (1992). ''Songs of Nepal: An Anthology of Nevar Folksongs and Hymns.'' New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidas. ISBN 81-208-0963-7. Page 1.〕 The first story book is ''Tantrakhyan'' (1518), and the first one-act play is ''Ekadashi Brata'' (1633) written by King Sidhhi Narsingh Malla. Nepal Bhasa literature can be broadly divided into four periods. * Classical Period (1505–1847) * Dark Period (1847–1909) * Renaissance Period (1909–1941) * Modern Period (1941 onwards) ==Classical Period== This was a golden age of cultural development and art and architecture in Nepal Mandala besides being a prolific period for Newari literature.〔Tuladhar, Prem Shanti (2000). ''Nepal Bhasa Sahityaya Itihas: History of Nepalbhasa Literature.'' Kathmandu: Nepal Bhasa Academy. ISBN 99933-56-00-X. Page 37.〕 The literary genres prevalent during this era consist of chronicles, epics, stories, scientific manuals mainly dealing with astrology and medicine, didactic poems and drama.〔Lienhard, Siegfried (1992). ''Songs of Nepal: An Anthology of Nevar Folksongs and Hymns.'' New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidas. ISBN 81-208-0963-7. Page 3.〕 〔 Page 2.〕 The kings and queens of the Malla dynasty were keen lyricists and playwrights. Dance dramas written at the time continue to be performed during annual festivals. King Mahindra Malla (reigned 1560–1574) is regarded as the first Newari poet.〔Vaidya, Janak Lal (2002) ''Nepal Bhasaya Prachin Kavya Sirjana.'' Kathmandu: Royal Nepal Academy. ISBN 99933-50-32-X. Page 17.〕 Other notable poets among the Malla kings include Siddhi Narsingh Malla (1619-1669), Pratap Malla, Ranjit Malla and Jaya Prakash Malla. Siddhi Narsingh Malla was the first Newari playwright. He wrote a one-act play entitled ''Ekadashibrata'' in 1633 based on a Hindu story. His most famous work is ''Katti Pyakhan'' (1641) which is shown annually at Patan Durbar Square. The queens Riddhi Laxmi (1680–1687), considered to be Nepal's first woman poet, Jaya Laxmi and Bhuvan Laxmi were also prominent songwriters. Among the public, Jagat Keshari (1678) of Banepa in the east of the Kathmandu Valley is celebrated for a hymn dedicated to Goddess Chandeswari. In the later part of the Classical Period, Rajendra Bikram among the Shah kings is famed for writing ''Mahasatwa Pakhyan'' (1831), a play based on a Buddhist story. Pundit Sundarananda (circa 1793–1833) is known for his epics while Amritananda, besides composing poetry, wrote a grammar of Newari (1831). ==Dark Period== After the Gorkha conquest of Nepal in 1768 and the advent of the Shah dynasty, the Nepali language, formerly known as Khaskura or Gorkhali, began edging out Newari.〔Los Angeles County Museum of Art and Pal, Pratapaditya (1985) ''Art of Nepal: A Catalogue of the Los Angeles County Museum of Art Collection.'' University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-05407-3. Page 19.〕 〔 Page 262.〕 Overt suppression was started by the Rana dynasty (1846–1951).〔 Page 10.〕 In 1906, official documents written in Newari were declared illegal. The use of the language for business and literary purposes was forbidden.〔Lienhard, Siegfried (1992). ''Songs of Nepal: An Anthology of Nevar Folksongs and Hymns.'' New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidas. ISBN 81-208-0963-7. Page 4.〕 Books were confiscated and writers were jailed.〔 Page 186.〕 As a result, not only literary creations but also writing for general purposes almost ceased; and the distance between the spoken and the written language began to widen.〔Malla, Kamal P. (1979). ''The Road to Nowhere.'' Kathmandu: The Sajha Publication. Page 134.〕 A small number of hymns and religious stories were produced during this period. Notable writers of the era were Swami Abhayananda (younger brother of famed prime minister Bhimsen Thapa), Hari Bhakta Mathema, Man Bahadur Joshi and Bir Bahadur Malla. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Newari literature」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|